Integral relationship of some adipocytokines with glycae.mic control and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus with application of incretin enhancer

Adipocytokines achieve fundamental physiological targets with respect to energy balance, glucose homeostasis and cardiac performance. Visfatin, resistin, apelin and leptin are active adipocytokines, however their relations to diabetes mellitus [DM] and cardiovascular functions are poorly elucidated. The objectives of this study are to clarify the relation of adipocytokines in type 2 DM and cardiovascular risks [hypertension and dyslipidaemia] and their responses after application of incretin enhancer. Type 2 DM patients and fifteen healthy controls were enrolled. Patients were randomized to receive the usual regimen [metformin 850 mg three times /d orally] in group I [n-19], incretin [Vildagliptin 50 nig twice/d] in group II [n=17] or the combination of both agents in group HI [n= 17] for 14 weeks. Results: The adiposity related parameters, SBP, DBF, glycaemic control parameters increased significantly [p<0.001] in all diabetic groups relative to the controls in addition to disturbance of lipid profile. A significant increase in the level ofvisfatin, resist In, leptin and apelin in all diabetic patients was also observed. Both incretin enhancer and metformin led to significant improvement in glycaemic parameters [fasting blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin], lipid profile [total cholesterol and triglycerides] with more noticeable effects after incretin application. The addition of incretin enhancer seemed to confer greater benefits in amelioration of Body mass index [BMI], SBP, DBF, fasting insulin level, HDL and the measured adipocytokines levels in group II and ILL However, the advancement get more in the combination group which; suggest the complementary functions of both agents. Aforementioned changes in adipocytokines of controls were correlated positively with BMI SBP, DBF, FBG and HBAlc but they were non-significantly related to other anthropometries and laboratory parameters. At baseline, significant positive correlations between adipocytokines with BMI, FBG and HBAlc in T2 DM patients were evident. These results reflect involvement of adipocytokines in pathopkysiology of T2 DM and the associated cardiovascular risks and improvement was proved in BMI, glycaemic control and cardiovascular complications after application of incretin enhancer nevertheless, the overall clinical monitoring of incretin enhancer must he further assessed in wider scale

Deterioration of testicular functions in adult male rabbit after exposure to mobile phone radiation with impending recovery

The accumulate effects of electromagnetic field [EMF] release from mobile phones have many effects on multiple organs. Nevertheless, its effect on testicular function is still debated. The objective of the study is to clarify the alterations in testicular functions after exposure to electromagnetic radiation of mobile phone and to investigate the possibility of recovery. Eighteen adult male rabbits are enrolled into 3 groups: control, exposed and recovery group. Tine exposed and recovery groups are exposed to mobile phones in standby position for 18 hours /day and six day/week for 14 weeks. After that, the recovery group was monitored for another 14 weeks. exposure to EMR induced a significant drop in sperm count, sperm motility and sperm fast forward motility at the 6[th], 12[th] and 9[th] week respectively and get maximum inhibition at the 14[th] week. These finding were concomitant with degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells of Leydig. These negative effects may be attributed to the detectable decrease in the serum level of testosterone, gonadotophic hormones, increase the level of oxidative stress and direct deterioration of testicular tissue. The other study points [body and testicular weight, body temperature and percentage of sperm morphology and live sperm] did not show any alteration. Recovery period significantly ameliorated the suppressed testicular functions and also, restored the hormonal and oxidative biomarkers within the 14 weeks. the longitudinal exposure to EMR causes testicular dysfunction that may be mediated by hormonal disturbances, oxidative stress or direct damage on testicular tissue that could reverse and improve within the recovery period

Hyperdynamic circulatory response to iron deficiency, thalassaemia and sickle cell a anaemias

One of the most interesting areas of research in erythrocyte physiology is the interaction of haemoglobin with nitric oxide [NO]. These two molecules independently fulfill diverse and complex physiological roles, while together they delicately modulate microvascular perfusion in response to second-by-second changes in local metabolic demand, contributing to hypoxic vasodilatation. To highlight on pathophysiological mechanisms of hyperdynamic state in anemic patients as well as to investigate the relation between haemoglobin, NO, endothelin-1 [ET-1], cyclic guanosine monophosphate [c GMP] and endotoxins with hyperdynamic circulatory states in different anaemic patients. Forty five anaemic patients categorized in three groups each fifteen [Iron Deficiency Anaemic, Thalassaemic and Sickle Cell Anaemic patients] in addition to ten healthy controls. Pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were recorded for all subjects. Also, Haemoglobin types and level, serum iron and TIBC, NO, ET-1, c GMP and Endotoxin levels were measured for all. Significant increase in pulse rate and pressure, decrease in diastolic pressure in addition to elevation of NO, cGMP and Endotoxins whereas ET-1 significantly decline in all anemic patients. NO levels when correlated with Hb, ET-1 levels and diastolic blood pressure showed negative significant correlation, while. It was positively correlated with c GMP, Endotoxins, systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure in different anemic groups. Vasodilatation, the main cause of hyperdynamic accompanying anemia contributed to increase NO levels joint with reduction of ET-1 which mediated through c GMP pathway. Besides, en do endotoxemia may have some role in amplifying of NO production

Importance of inflammatory cytokines and endothelial peptides in predicting hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy

Although it has been hypothesized that hypertension in part is an inflammatory disorder, the link between inflammation and endothelial disorders with hypertensive complications as left ventricle hypertrophy [LVH] is still marginal. This study was designed to investigate the role of inflammatory markers as interleukin-6 [IL-6], high sensitivity C reactive protein [Hs-CRP], endothelial peptides as endothelin-1 [EDN -1] and nitric oxide [NO] as well as serum lipid profile in predicting LVH. It also focused on the pathophysiological responsibility of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in developing hypertensive LYH. To examine these hypotheses forty hypertensive patients were enrolled and divided by using echocardiography into hypertensive patients with normal left ventricular mass [Group I] and hypertensive patients with LVH [Group II]. Ten normotensive subjects were also included and considered as control group [C]. ELISA technique was used for measuring plasma concentrations of IL-6, Hs-CRP, EDN-1 by special kits, while serum NO and lipid profile were measured by spectrophotometer. Both hypertensive groups were relatively matched with each other regarding age, gender, body surface area and body mass index [BMI], however they were significantly greater than control. Serum levels of IL-6, Hs-CRP and END-1, were significantly higher and those of NO were significantly lower in both hypertensive groups compared to normotensives. Moreover, these changes were more obvious in hypertensive patients with LVK Additionally, estimation of serum lipid profile showed that levels of total cholesterol triglycerides, and low density lipoproteins [LDL-C] were significantly elevated and that of high density lipoproteins [HDL-C] were significantly reduced in group [II] compared to other groups. Among both hypertensive patients, LY mass index was significantly positively correlated with serum levels of IL-6, Hs-CRP, EDN-1, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C and significantly negatively correlated with HDL-C hut not with age and NO levels. However, the slope of these relations was steeper in the hypertensive group with LVH. Besides, levels of IL-6 and EDN-1 were the most predictors [r= 0.849, P<0.0001, r= 0.889, P<0.0001 respectively] for LYH. The inflammatory markers are significantly increased in hypertensive patients with LVH. Increased EDN-l and lowered NO are also concerned to a greater extent in hypertensive LYH and this confirms a key pathophysiological role of inflammation and endothelium dysfunction in developing and progression of hypertension and LVH which is vital for recommending prophylactic and therapeutic strategies

study of anticonvulsant effect of some steroids on induced seizures in adult male mice

Hormones influence brain functions throughout life and might alter seizures susceptibility by affecting neuronal excitability. Alterations in gamma amino butyric acid [GABA,] ergic neurotransmission are associated with seizures disorders and consequently much of antiepileptic therapy is directed towards the GABA A receptor complex. In humans, seizures patterns are affected by some factors such as the onset of puberty, pregnancy and stress suggesting that there is an underlying hormonal component. the present study was conducted to evaluate the anticonvulsant effect and the possible mechanism of action of some steroid hormones. Progesterone, deoxycorticosterone [DOC] and dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA] in experimentally induced seizures in male mice. This study was carried out on adult albino male mice weighing 24-26gm and included two experiments: experiment I, in which two models of seizures were used; pentylenetetrazol [PTZ] model and maximal electro-convulsive shock seizures [MES] model. In each model, the animals were divided into 5 groups. The first group was kept as a control group and each of the other 4 groups was subdivided into 3 subgroups, 20 animal each. The treated groups included: diazepam, progesterone, DOC and DHEA treated groups at different doses. In PTZ model, PTZ was given in a dose of 70 mg/kg by intraperifoneal [i.p.] injection to induce chemoconvulsant seizures while in MES model, the animal received a stimulus train of electric current 25 mA, 50 Hz through the brain via ear electric clip. Diazepam and hormones were given 30 mm prior to PTZ injection or MES induced seizures. Experiment II in which bicuculline, a GABA A receptor antagonist was used in a dose of 1 mg/kg subcutaneously [s.c] 15 mm prior to administration of hormones. The ictal activity [latency, duration of myoclonic seizures and percent of protection against seizures and mortality] was recorded in either experiment. It was observed that progesterone suppressed PTZ induced seizures where it significantly [P<0. 001] prolonged the latency and shortened the duration of myoclonic seizures as compared to control with median effective dose [ED 50] of about 20 mg/kg s.c. The protection against seizures was 60, 70 and 75% and against mortality was 100%. Also, DOC administration exhibited a potent significant anticonvulsant activity in PTZ model in comparison to control and nearly equal to diazepam treatment. The ED 50 of DOC was 5 mg/kg and complete protection against seizures and mortality was observed at 20 and 80 mg/kg. In MES model, administration of progesterone at.20 and 80 mg/kg induced no significant anticonvulsant effect and ED 50 war observed at a higher dose [160 mg/kg]. Treatment with DOC 5 mg/kg produced no anticonvulsant activity, ED 50 was 20 mg/kg and complete protection against seizures was reached at 80 mg/kg. Both in PTZ and MES model, diazepam at the all tested doses induced a significant anhiconvulsant effect, while DHEA lacked any anticonvulsant activity, even it has a convulsant effect. Pretreatment with. bicuculline prior to progesterone and DOC administration caused a significant reversal of the anticonvulsant activity of these hormones. These findings indicate that the steroid hormones; progesterone and DOC have a broad spectrum anticonvulsant activity in animal seizures models [especially PTZ model] mediated by GABA A receptor modulation. Therefore, they might be involved in the modification of seizures frequency and epilepsy and might have a clinical importance in the future treatment of seizures disorders in conjunction with the usual antiepileptic drugs. On the other hand, DHEA has no anti convulsant effect